Cesarean birth, also known as cesarean section, refers to a surgical delivery method where the baby is delivered through an incision made in the mother's abdomen and uterus. This procedure is performed when vaginal delivery is not feasible or recommended for the mother or the baby, either due to specific medical conditions or during labor complications. Cesarean birth can be performed under planned, unplanned, or emergency conditions and may be indicated by factors such as a failed induction, dystocia, fetal distress, placenta previa, placenta abruption, high fetal birth weight, malposition, and other labor problems.
After cesarean birth, patients may face several potential complications or sequelae, including anemia, infection at the surgical site, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, wound dehiscence, endometritis, urinary tract infection (UTI), and longer recovery time due to the body's metabolic demands following major abdominal surgery. Additionally, women may experience significant mental health impacts post cesarean birth such as postpartum depression or anxiety disorders, and may require psychological support or counseling to manage stress and trauma related to the delivery experience.
The risk factors for cesarean birth vary widely among patients, and may include factors such as advanced maternal age, obesity or hypertension, history of previous cesareans, cesarean due to placenta previa or abruptio placentae, pre-eclampsia, multiparity, smoking during pregnancy, and diabetes. Additionally, the type of cesarean performed ("low transverse," "upper arm," or "high transverse incision") may also impact the risk for certain complications, with lower incisions being less risky for future pregnancies than higher incisions.
Overall, cesarean birth with its potential complications, sequelae, and individualized risks, is a crucial component of modern obstetric care. It allows for the safe delivery of the baby in cases where traditional vaginal delivery poses too great a risk. Despite advancements in medical technology, cesarean birth remains a complex, resource-intensive procedure requiring meticulous preoperative preparation and attention to detail throughout the postoperative period to minimize risks and optimize outcomes for both mother and child.
