Introduction
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning [1][2]. While primarily thought of in children and adolescents, ADHD can persist into adulthood, affecting individuals across all age groups. EMDR therapy, a form of psychotherapy developed specifically to treat trauma and PTSD, has recently been explored as a potential treatment option for ADHD. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on EMDR therapy in ADHD, its potential benefits, and any cautionary measures or myths associated with its use.
EMDR Therapy Overview
EMDR therapy is a type of psychotherapy that utilizes bilateral stimulation, including eye movements, taps, or tones, to process traumatic memories [3]. It is typically conducted in eight stages, starting with a client history and preparation, followed by assessment, desensitization, installation, body scan, closure, and reassessment [4]. EMDR therapy targets underlying traumatic experiences that may contribute to symptoms of ADHD, such as childhood abuse, shame, neglect, bullying, and more [5].
Potential Benefits of EMDR Therapy for ADHD
Improved Executive Functioning
EMDR therapy has been shown to improve executive functioning in individuals with ADHD, including better planning, prioritization, and ability to handle distractions [6][7]. This improved cognitive control can help individuals better manage their ADHD symptoms and improve their overall functioning.
Enhanced Emotional Regulation
EMDR therapy can also help individuals with ADHD work on emotional regulation, allowing them to better manage stress, frustration, and negative emotional responses [8][9]. By processing traumatic memories in a safe and controlled environment, individuals with ADHD can develop new coping strategies and improve their emotional stability.
Reduced Inattention and Hyperactivity
EMDR therapy can target underlying traumatic experiences that contribute to inattention and hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD. By reprocessing these memories, individuals may experience a decrease in unwanted thoughts and behaviors, leading to improved focus and reduced impulsivity [10].
Improved Sleep Quality
EMDR therapy has been shown to improve sleep quality in individuals with PTSD and trauma-related symptoms, including in those with ADHD [11]. A good night's sleep is crucial for cognitive function and overall well-being, making this an important benefit of EMDR therapy.
Cautionary Measures and Myths
Eye Movement Sensitivity
It is important to note that while EMDR therapy is generally safe, some individuals may experience sensitivity to eye movements. This can include feeling dizzy, lightheaded, or nauseous during the therapy session. These symptoms are typically mild and can be managed by using different bilateral stimulation techniques [12].
Cognitive Interweaves
Some individuals with ADHD may require cognitive interweaves throughout the therapy to help focus and pay attention. These interweaves can be as simple as the therapist asking the client to repeat a statement or instruction out loud or as complex as engaging in a brief computer task designed specifically for the client's needs [13].
Gender Considerations
EMDR therapy may need to be tailored to fit the specific needs of male and female clients, as there is some evidence to suggest that girls and women may respond differently to trauma and EMDR therapy [14]. However, this does not necessarily mean that EMDR therapy is not effective for male clients with ADHD.
Cultural Differences
It is important to note that cultural differences may impact the effectiveness of EMDR therapy. For example, individuals from different cultural backgrounds may experience differing rates of trauma and may respond differently to EMDR therapy [15]. It is crucial to consider these cultural differences when developing treatment plans for individuals with ADHD.
Next Steps
While EMDR therapy shows early promise in the treatment of ADHD, larger, randomized controlled trials are still needed to confirm its efficacy and compare its outcomes to standard ADHD treatment options [16]. However, EMDR therapy may provide added value in managing trauma-related impairments in executive and emotional functioning for individuals with ADHD, especially for those with adverse childhood experiences.
Those considering EMDR therapy for their ADHD symptoms should discuss it with a trained and licensed EMDR professional who can provide a thorough评估 and individualized treatment plan. Additionally, individuals with ADHD should consider joining EMDRIA, the international association for EMDR therapy professionals, to connect with other individuals who have experienced trauma and receive support and resources.
##EMDR therapy is a potentially effective treatment option for adults with ADHD, particularly for those with a history of trauma or adverse childhood experiences. However, as with any form of treatment, proper training, preparation, and individualized treatment planning are crucial to ensure its success. While further research is needed, EMDR therapy shows promise as a supplement to standard ADHD care, improving executive functioning, emotional regulation, and sleep quality in individuals with ADHD and trauma history.
EMDR therapy is a type of psychotherapy that utilizes bilateral stimulation to process traumatic memories and improve cognitive function and emotional regulation in individuals with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. EMDR therapy, which is typically conducted in eight stages, can address underlying traumatic experiences that may contribute to ADHD symptoms, such as childhood adversity, shame, neglect, bullying, and more.
potential benefits
- improved executive functioning
- enhanced emotional regulation
- reduced inattention and hyperactivity
- improved sleep quality
cautionary measures and myths
- eye movement sensitivity
- cognitive interweaves
- gender considerations
- cultural differences
next steps
- further research
- individualized treatment plans
- EMDRIA support for individuals with ADHD
EMDR therapy holds promise as a supplementary treatment for individuals with ADHD and those with trauma history.
** references:**
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American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). [https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]
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Gokcen, C., Yilmaz, G., & Karadag, M. (2022). ADHD symptoms persist even when PTSD symptoms progress: An EMDR case report. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 1(35), 64-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2022.00174
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Hogan, S. (2023, Winter). Affirm your practice. Go With That Magazine, 28(1), 44-49. www.emdria.org/magazine/emdr-therapy-chronic-pain-and-somatic-illness/
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Peer-Reviewed Articles:
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Gokcen, C., Yilmaz, G., & Karadag, M. (2022). ADHD symptoms persist even when PTSD symptoms progress: An EMDR case report. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 1(35), 64-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2022.00174
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Guidetti, C., Brogna, P., Chieffo, D. P. R., Turrini, I., Arcangeli, V., Rausa, A., Bianchetti, M., Rolleri, E., Santomassimo, C., Di Cesare, G., Ducci, G., Romero, D. M., & Brogna, C. (2023). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a possible evidence-based rehabilitation treatment option for a patient with ADHD and history of adverse childhood experiences: A case report study. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(2), 200. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13020200
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Sopena, S., Silva, J., Miller, C., Hedderly, T., & Van Diest, C. (2023). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 17(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/EMDR-2023-0005