rN Maternal Newborn Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia, a Pregnancy-Specific Disease marked by New-Onset Hypertension and Proteinuria After 20 Weeks of Gestation, is a Public Health Crisis that Exacerbates Maternal and Fetal Morbidity and Mortality Globally

Preeclampsia, a Pregnancy-Specific Condition Characterized by New-Onset Hypertension and Proteinuria After 20 Weeks of Gestation, is a Leading Cause of Maternal and Fetal Death and Morbidity, Afflicting More Than 8 Million Women Worldwide Each Year [1][2]

Epidemiology

Preeclampsia is Rare Before Week 18 of Gestation but Suddenly Spreads Throughout孕晚期, Often Starting Suddenly During the Second Half of Pregnancy or Early in the Third Trimester, Without警告信号 or Prodrome [1][2]

Pathophysiology

Preeclampsia Is Thought to Be Caused by a Defective Placenta Releasing Toxins Into the Maternal Circulation That Trigger the Clinical Syndrome [3] Although the胎盘 is Notthe Only Cause of Preeclampsia, Its Role Is Central to the Pathophysiology [4]

Hyperdynamic Circulation and Increased Vasculature Are Key Features of This Condition, Along with Increased Platelet Agglutination and Decreased Intravascular Collapse [5]

Pathology

Pathological Examination Often Reveals Vascular Endothelial Injury, Endothelial Denudation, Microthrombi, and Subendocardial Hemorrhage in the Placenta and Myocardium [5]

Morbidity and Mortality

Preeclampsia Can Lead to Multisystemic Disorders, Including Renal Failure, Cerebral Edema, and Fetal Growth Restriction, Which Can Progress to End-Stage Renal Disease and Death for Both Mother and Infant [6][7]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis Usually Based on History and Physical Examination, with Additional Testing Including Blood Pressure Monitoring, Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring, and Imaging Studies like Ultrasound [5][8]

Monitoring and Management

Delivery of the placenta remains the Only Treatment, Often Resulting in Premature Birth, But It May Compromise Neonatal Outcomes [9] Management Also Involves Monitoring for Changes in Angiogenic Markers to Predict In-hospital Death of the Patient and Guide Therapy [10]